So, is it really moving or not?  Well if you’re reading this, you’ve probably worked out that it’s not, that it’s just an optical illusion, created using perspective and colour to disorientate your mind and trick your senses into believing that it is really moving. In this instance, our mind’s eye, or our sense of perception alters what we are seeing by what we believe to be true, but our mind’s eye can also refer to our own internal perception of ourselves.  Our internal mind’s eye gives us our sense of what we believe to be real about ourselves, how the world operates about us and how we are perceived by others.  This sense of internal reality differs from one person to the next giving us our own perception of what sort of person we are. Our internal perceptions can be referred to as self-beliefs. Beliefs that we hold to be true about ourselves: I’ve never been good at maths; I have no confidence; I find it difficult to motivate myself or alternately, I’m a really good mathematician; I have overwhelming confidence and I’m extremely motivated and determined. 

Our internal perception is largely laid down in childhood, but does go on to be influenced by our experiences as we progress through life.  As a child we pick up on what other’s believe to be true of ourselves and this happens so much that we take that view to be true and defining of who we really are; for instance if someone is always commenting on what lovely hair you have, you will no doubt grow up thinking you have fabulous hair.  Unfortunately though, the negative is also true, if someone always comments on how chubby you are, the chances are you will truly believe that you will always be on the tubby side.  Our self-beliefs are also self-perpetuating, if you constantly believe you aren’t good at something, you are more than likely to feel overwhelming fear and failure regarding that issue, which further thwarts your attempts to overcome your difficulty, further emphasising that you weren’t meant to succeed in that area of your life. 

However, as a hypnotherapist in Kent (UK), I believe there is a way to overcome such limiting self-beliefs through the use of hypnotherapy and mindfulness practice.  Hypnotherapy uses the power of your mind’s eye to imagine and visualise, helping you make life-enhancing changes. Mindfulness practice also frees you from past self-beliefs, encouraging you to live life in the present moment, enabling you to experience the world with fresh eyes, giving you clarity of who you really are and what a truly beautiful world we live in.

If you are interested in experiencing how I practise hypnotherapy in Kent, then please look up my website on www.fernberry.co.uk.  I'm based at King Street Therapy Rooms, West Malling, just 6 miles from Maidstone, and can be contacted by email on kim@fernberry.co.uk, or by phone on 07788 767 966.
 

Kim Carmen Walsh (Dip Hyp CS, Dip CP) is a qualified hypnotherapist and counsellor based in West Malling, Kent, at Fernberry Hypnotheraphy, Kim can help you quit smoking, lose weight, deal with stress, grief and loss as well as anxiety and panic disorders.  Kim can be contacted for a consultation by email at kim@fernberry.co.uk or by phone on 07788 767 966.

(Photo from Fotolia – ‘Black Hole. Optical Illusion’, by Valerijs Kostins).

Eye protection while on the ski slopes is crucial. Your eyes can be damaged by the snow, wind, cold, sun and glare. Unexpected circumstances, such as whipping tree branches, falling ice and thrown snowballs can also injure eyes. Because your eyes require a high level of protection, what are some of the things you should consider when looking for the proper protective eye gear?

Protection in a Variety of Lights

Your eyes are not safe from ultraviolet (UV) rays on an overcast or cloudy day. Because of elevation and glare from snow, eye damage can be severe. Not all sports eye wear offers protection on ski slopes. Light, whether natural or sunlight, is comprised of violet, green, blue, orange, red and yellow light in various wavelengths. Understanding the way sunglasses protect the eyes through colored lenses is important. You are safer while you are maneuvering down a slope that is easy to see and analyze. Colored lenses filter out specific colors to augment vision. For instance, shadows, dips or mounds — terrain characteristics — are emphasized with rose or amber colored lenses. Furthermore, the three most common types of skiing days require different colored lenses:

• Sunny: to increase visual perception and contrast, brown, grey or copper lenses are recommended
• Overcast or hazy: The blue light within shadows is filtered out with yellow or orange lenses
• Partly Cloudy: Red, amber or rose colored lenses are best

If you often ski under numerous sky conditions, you may consider purchasing a pair of sunglasses that have interchangeable colored lenses. Be aware that removing your goggles and sunglasses to exchange lenses may result in the fogging up of your lenses. Perhaps you would prefer sunglasses with lenses in a general color range of brown, amber, orange and yellow which works well in lights of low to moderate intensity.

About Polarized Sunglasses

Glare distorts the color of objects, which makes them more difficult to detect. Polarized sunglasses block the glare from the surface of water, glass and snow instead of merely dimming the entire field of vision as standard sunglasses do. Purchasing sunglasses with polarization will reduce glare, prevent eyestrain and enable a skier to "read" the terrain. However, ice on the slopes may not be obvious through polarized glasses.

Why Polarized Sunglasses Are Effective

Sunlight can be reflected from various angles. Glare is usually reflected horizontally from surfaces such as water, shiny objects and snow. Polarized lenses are laminated with a filter that permits only vertically-directed light to pass through. Since the horizontally angled light is blocked, glare is nearly eliminated. Brown and grey are the best colors for polarized lenses.

About Goggles

Goggles protect the eyes of skiers from flying ice and snow, wind, small branches and debris. They also offer more protection to the face than sunglasses do. Goggles are worn over sunglasses and are available in two shapes:

• Spherical: These lenses curve vertically and horizontally, somewhat like a fish bowl. They furnish more protection from glare and distortion than flat goggles, since the surface of the lenses is curved, preventing the sun from striking them consistently in one place. The thinner frames permit a wider peripheral vision. Spherical lenses are more expensive than goggles with flat lenses.
• Flat: Flat lenses fit the face because they curve horizontally, although the lens surface is a flat, vertical plane. Glare is more common in flat-lens goggles, and peripheral vision is somewhat reduced. Although they cost less than spherical goggles, they are still quite effective.

Fogging Up

Body heat and cold air create the moist phenomenon that reduces visibility through your goggles. Many features prevent the buildup of condensation or fog in your goggles:

• Anti-fogging preparations that can be sprayed on as needed. Also, anti-fog coatings are incorporated into nearly all expensive goggle lenses.
• Nearly all goggles have double lenses and do not fog up as quickly as single lenses, due to the seal that creates a thermal barrier.
• Vents are strategically placed at the sides, top and bottom of goggles to prevent a moisture build-up.
• More costly goggles may have battery-operated fans that disperse moisture by several settings than can be adjusted.

Safety

Look for sports goggles and sunglasses with hardy frames, shatterproof lenses, and polarized to avoid harmful UV rays. Goggles should fit comfortably on your face with the wide strap circling the entire helmet. Since skiing involves great speed on a slope, clear vision is crucial in the prevention of snow blindness, accidents or death. Goggles and sunglasses are available in many styles and protective features. Don’t take chances with your vision. Eye damage can be prevented if you make quality sunglasses and goggles the most important part of eye protection.

Author Bio: CoriAnne M. works online answering questions about car insurance requirements. When she has free time, she loves to ride horses and also hit the slopes in her home state of Wyoming.

In winter months, the sun is sitting lower in the sky. It is also arching across the sky at a completely different angle than during warmer months. This can give your eyes more sun exposure during the day if you are outside for extended periods of time.

According to Dr. Susan Taub, MD, assistant professor of ophthalmology at Northwestern University School of Medicine in Chicago: "This can be damaging to various layers within the eye."

Recent Reports

Studies have shown that the sun's UV rays contribute to the diseases we usually associate with aging. This includes cataracts as well as macular degeneration.

Dr. Taub also warns about snow and glare stating: "in reality people need sunglasses all year long. Anyone who has driven with snow on the ground knows even when there isn't snow on the ground, the glare off the road can be very intense, causing risk to your eyes."

Snow is reflective.  According to the Vision Council of America: 85% of the sun's UV rays are reflected upward. This means that the reflective qualities of snow make vision difficult and skiers speeding down slopes have difficulty seeing. It leads to very dangerous situations.

Snow Blindness

Snow blindness is a term used to describe what happens once the eyes have become burned by the sun's UV rays in reflective glare when no sunglasses are being worn. Without sunglasses, snow blindness can effect the cornea for up to a week. Dr. Taub states that this occurring is very painful, yet it does heal. The condition can be viewed literally as the eyes becoming sunburned.

Sunglasses are a necessary protection just like sunblock for the skin is very important. Some medications can also make the eyes more sensitive to the suns UV rays. These drugs include sulfa antibiotics, birth control pills, diuretics, tranquilizers. Under the influence of these drugs, the eyes can become burned in one-third or one-tenth of the time.

When taking photo-sensitizing medications a person can be in the glare of snow or the heat of summer sun for a hour, and end up with huge red welts on the skin, regardless if the person is wearing sunblock or not.

Children Need Protection

Studies have also shown that children and teenagers are more susceptible to UV related problems. This is usually due to the fact that kids spend a lot of time outdoors. It is a very good idea to have eyes checked every six months or so, especially since the ozone layers have increased the amounts of UV that are getting through our atmosphere, and causing greater levels of UV exposure in general. Teens love sunglasses. It is actually a great idea to encourage this.

On average adults should see an eye doctor once every other year and much sooner if any problems arise. Sunglasses that block 100% of UV radiation are the best to own. Always be sure your sunglasses have the anti-reflective, polarized lenses. This means making sure you check the UV protection code that should be posted on every pair for sale.

For future reference, if you have a concern about the amount of sun exposure you or a loved one are getting on a regular basis, get a good pair of sunglasses. Don't be shy about wearing them in the winter, because this glare and extended exposure has long ranging effects if damage is done. For loved ones they make a great gift, and can be very exciting for some people who truly value the style and look they provide. If anyone you care about complains of eye issues–refer them to their eye specialist.

***

Article is courtesy by:

Viktoria from Los Angeles, CA. Viktoria is an SEO and Internet Marketing Manager At Guardian Pool Fence Systems. Her goal is to protect children from drowning and bring awareness to pool safety.

Having healthy eyes is something that is often overlooked by those of us who have good enough vision to not think twice about it. For some people however, eye health is as much a concern as heart health or any other vital part of the body. Though we may overlook eye issues, it is important to be aware of eye disorders that can affect your window to the world, your eyes.

This list outlines our top 5 eye disorders to watch out for today.  As with any part of the body, if you are experiencing great discomfort or just have a general feeling of something being wrong, always make an appointment with your doctor, your health depends on you and the actions you take.

Glaucoma

One of the more serious eye disorders of today affecting an estimated 1-2% of adults over the age of 40, glaucoma can lead to blindness if it is left untreated. Feeling a fast stabbing pressure or a gradually built up pressure to the eye can be a sign of Glaucoma and it is suggested to see your doctor if you have any pain in the eye area. The pressure is felt because there is an interruption in the flow of fluid so the result is feeling the pressure being pushed through the optic nerve in the eye. Medication or surgery to alleviate the pressure in the eye and fix the blockage of fluid will usually help and seeing your doctor early on can avert loss of vision.

Diabetic Retinopathy

An eye disorder with a variation linked directly to having Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy affects a staggering 80% of people with diabetes who have had diabetes for a period of 10 years or more. It is specific damage caused to the retina of the eye by complications of diabetes. Spikes in blood sugar directly affect the nerves in the eyes, causing them to bleed. For those who have diabetes, it is very important to pay attention to their eye health as doing so can help to prevent Retinopathy, which can lead to blindness.

Cataracts

One of the most common eye disorders of today that can lead to blindness, cataracts is caused by the crystalline lens of the eye being clouded. There are many factors that can stimulate the growth such as having diabetes, being a smoker, age related, extended exposure to ultra violet radiation or trauma to the eye. Cataract in its late forms can be treated surgically and this is usually a great way to remove it and prevent blindness or blurred vision in extreme cases.

Conjunctivitis

More commonly known as “Pink Eye”, conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the protective thin layer around the eye that can be brought on by an infection, whether bacterial or viral or something as common as chlorine in pool water. If it is brought on with a more serious infection such as Herpes or Chlamydia, a specialist should be seen immediately. In any case of suspected pink eye, treatment should be sought out right away as it could go from something simple to a deeper infection that spreads to the cornea, causing vision impairment.

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

This is when bleeding occurs under the protective layer of the eye, usually when a blood vessel in the eye ruptures. Generally a mild case requires no medical treatment and will clear itself up within two weeks. The best thing to do is allow the eye to rest without applying any eye drops or taking any medications which have blood thinning agents in them such as aspirin. They can be brought on by something simple as coughing too hard or something as serious as trauma to the eyes. This is a very common condition of the eye however, it can be a scary one as when a blood vessel ruptures, it causes a bloody look around the white part of the eye. If you have more symptoms or are worried it can be something more serious, always visit your doctor.  

Disorders of the eyes can come in many forms and will often either affect the way your eye looks from the outside or your vision. Vision is a crucial part of our lives, so keeping our eyes healthy and in top form is of great importance.  

This guest article was written by Missy Diaz who works from home as a freelance writer, when she’s not writing for various clients she enjoys biking, taking a good jog, walking lakeside and generally anything outdoorsy.

When buying new prescription glasses, you will need to know your Pupillary Distance (PD) measurement. Simply put, this is the distance between the centre of your pupils. To help you understand the process of measuring your PD we have put together a short video showing you (with the help of another person) how to measure both your reading and distance Pupillary Distance measurement.

Here is a recap of the points in the video for measuring your PD:-

How to measure a friend's distance PD:
1. Sit opposite your friend at arm's distance apart.
2. Place the PD ruler on the bridge of your friend's nose.
3. Close your right eye and look directly into your friend's right eye. Your friend should look into your open eye.
4. Note the measurement from the centre of the ruler to the centre of your friend's pupil in millimeters.
5. Repeat with your other eye open.
6. Add the numbers together to work out your friend's PD measurement.

How to measure a friend's reading PD:
1. Sit opposite your friend at arm's distance apart.
2. Place the PD ruler on the bridge of your friend's nose.
3. Your friend should hold a pen around 30cm in front of their face and focus on it with both eyes.
4. Note the measurement from the centre of the ruler to the centre of each of your friend's pupils in millimeters.
5. Add the numbers together to work out your friend's PD measurement.

Can I measure my PD myself using a mirror?
No, this will give you an inaccurate reading as your eyes will converge. We always recommend asking for help from a friend, family member or colleague to get an accurate reading.

I need a PD Ruler, where can I find one?
You can order a PD Ruler from our website for a small fee.  This item is shipped next day from our UK office. See here to buy a PD Ruler.

Cébé have recently launched a new range of Sunglasses featuring special Melanine lenses for superior protection for babies’ vulnerable eyes.

Up until the age of 14, the eyes of babies and young children are still developing, and are extra-sensitive to intense light.  UV radiation and blue light are the most dangerous of the sun’s rays, and hit the retina all day long.  Prolonged exposure to blue light can lead to retinal damage and cause premature aging of the contour of the eyes.

Cébé’s Melanine lenses filter out 100% of UV rays and 98% of blue light. The final 2% percent of blue light allowed through the lens is needed for colour recognition allowing the child to see the colour blue and have an excellent and natural perception of their surroundings.

Cébé Kanga sunglasses RRP £29

Features: -

• Suitable for ages 1-3 yrs
• Melanine lenses for the best protection from the sun’s rays
• Impact resistant polycarbonate lens material
• Bi-material frame: The frame is made of two materials.  The hard Grilamid frame guarantees great resistance, ergonomy and stability on the child’s face, whilst all the surfaces in contact with the skin are covered with soft material to ensure maximum comfort and safety
• Xtra-Flex hinge: The hinge is made of soft material giving great flexibility to the frame and ensuring a fit perfectly adapted to the developing shape and size of the youngest heads
• Elastic strap: The strap clips directly to the temples tips for improved comfort and security during movement

To view the complete range of Cébé Junior Sunglasses for babies and young children click here. 

(Not all colour options feature Malanine lenses).

Prescription Glasses on the high street have a massive 400% mark-up according to an article – "The 5 Biggest Retail Mark-Ups" on Yahoo Finance.

More than 32 million people in the UK wear glasses and the majority of these — around 21 million — buy their optical goods from where they have their eye examination despite being under no obligation to do so, according to Mintel.

With numbers like that, the large high street chains can easily get away with charging mark-ups of at least 400% especially on their own budget ranges to help cover the costs of espensive equipment, high profile advertising campaigns, high rents and staff wages.

Thankfully Yahoo spotted our "recession busting range of glasses" from £6 including free scratch-resistant, full UV-protection and anti-reflection coatings.  Go Yahoo!!!

Other crazy mark-ups mentioned in the article include: -

• Bottled Water – 2,000% mark-up
  
• Coffee – 1,250%
• Clothes – 700%
  
• Furniture – 400%
  
• Jewellery – 300%
  

Brown Eyes

Brown eyes are most common in regions where there is greater year-around exposure to the sun.  In a survey by CyberPulse linking eye color to personality trait, respondents considered intelligence to be the prominent trait of brown-eyed people, followed by trustworthiness.  Two brown-eyed parents are more likely to have a blue-eyed child than two blue-eyed parents are to have a brown-eyed child. 

Great frame colors for people with brown eyes include:  lavender, copper, beige, champagne, brown, tangerine, and royal blue.

Blue Eyes

Males are more likely to have blue eyes than females, by 3 to 5 percent.  People with blue eyes most often come from Northern Europe, where UV-radiation exposure is limited.  Gray eye color is a variant of blue eyes and is the rarest eye color.  The eye color/personality survey found that blue-eyed people are considered sweet-natured and sexy. 

Blue eyes stand out beautifully in brown-toned frames.  Other great frame color choices include:  taupe, violet, purple, black mixed with bright blue, midnight, silver, steel blue, and fuchsia.

Green Eyes

Green eyes are rare, and most people in a survey who said they wanted to change eye color wished for green eyes.  Sexiness and creativity are considered the top two personality traits of people with green eyes, according to the same survey.

Green eyes and hazel eyes, which are a mix of brown and green, look great framed in a wide range of colors, including:  brown, purple, forest green, gold, lime-green, and apricot.

The shape of eyeglasses you get should be based on both the shape of your face and personal taste; and now you know which color options to look for.

This guest post was written by Stephanie Teskers, who is a runner, blogger & proud mother of the two greatest kids ever.  When she's not watching Gray's Anatomy, she reads up on Velashape Cellulite Treatment and follows Sono Bello on Twitter and Facebook.

Retinal Camera

The retinal camera, or fundus camera, is a highly specialized, low-power microscope equipped with a camera and designed to take pictures of the eye’s interior surface, allowing doctors to take a close look at the patient’s retina, macula, optic disc, posterior pole and other parts of the eye. Today’s retinal cameras are equipped with digital cameras that provide high definition photographs for doctors to examine. Data obtained from retinal cameras helps ophthalmologists diagnose and monitor the progression of eye diseases. 

Photocoagulation Laser

Laser photocoagulation is a kind of eye surgery that is used in the treatment of various eye diseases, including different types of retinopathy and macular degeneration. The most commonly used photocoagulation laser is the Nd: YAG laser (Nd: YAG stands for “neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet”, the crystal used to generate the laser). The Nd: YAG laser allows ophthalmologists to make ultra-precise, consistent cuts during surgery without damaging the healthy eye tissue surrounding the targeted area. 

Corneal Cell Counter

A corneal cell counter is another type of advanced imaging microscope used by ophthalmologists to examine a patient’s internal eye structures. Unlike the retinal camera, however, a corneal cell counter employs advanced spatial techniques to render the images it takes as three-dimensional structures. Ophthalmologists can then use these 3D renditions to analyze and monitor diseases. Many of today’s corneal cell counters can also conduct automatic cell-analyses and other analytical functions to help detect ailments. 

Wavefront Aberrometer

A wavefront aberrometer is a piece of equipment that combines several different imaging technologies, including pupillometry, keratometry, wavefront imaging, autorefraction and topography. The job of the wavefront aberrometer is to detect aberrations in the eye. The images obtained are displayed on an LCD screen at high-contrast, so that the aberrations can be more easily pinpointed and analyzed. 

Laser Ophthalmoscope

You’re probably familiar with ophthalmoscopes. They’re those small, handheld devices the doctors use to shine a light into your eyes during routine physical exams. The ophthalmoscope allows doctors to take a look inside your eye to make sure it looks healthy. Laser ophthalmoscopes are upgraded versions of traditional microscopes that use laser light for increased detail and accuracy.

The progress made in the eyewear industry has made it possible for people to correct their vision disorders in elegant and fashionable ways with just about all the top designer fashion brands jumping in and playing a roll.

The introduction of lightweight frames and lenses have enabled the change in attitude towards glasses.  Thin lenses replaced the thick ones, which were uncomfortable and negatively affected the wearer’s self-esteem. The ability to offer various lens curvatures in a variety of frames empowers the wearer to achieve almost any desired look.

Advancements in lens technologies and the ever increasing wide ranges of eyeglasses are extremely welcomed considering the high percentage of people with eyesight problems. According to a study by the National Eye Institute about 64 percent of the U.S. adult population wears glasses. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that the most encountered vision deficiencies are astigmatism, which causes fuzzy vision and affects 36 percent, and myopia (short sightedness), with 33 percent of respondents having problems seeing objects located at certain distances. Another 3.6 percent are affected by hyperopia, being longsighted. Read the report from Reuters here.

Findings in other countries are similar, indicating that more than half of the world’s population has vision problems and needs corrective glasses.  Thankfully, each individual can express themselves in their own unique style by choosing the glasses they like.

Today, there is an incredibly wide range of frames, which come in various materials, shapes, colors and styles.  People can choose full frame, semi-rimless or rimless glasses with an oval, round or rectangular shape that will best match their physical traits.  And for adding some spice, they can opt for all kinds of interesting or expressive colors.  Extra fine details, like sculptures, logos and other personal elements, can be added for creating a personal image through the glasses.

Besides the large variety of frames available, there are also multiple options when it comes to choosing lenses, something to suit the needs and requirements of any wearer. Different materials, including glass, plastic, polycarbonate, trivex, and high index plastics, also known as polyurethanes, can be used to manufacture single vision, bifocals, trifocals, progressive lenses, or aspheric lenses.  Specs wearers can play with the tint of the lenses, as colored pigment can be added both for function and for fashion, the choice of basic coloured tints, photochromic and polarized are all at the wearer’s disposal.

Prescribed by an ophthalmologist or an optometrist after an eye exam, eyeglasses can improve both vision and physical appearance. Famous designers and qualified opticians cooperate in order to create glasses that are also elegant accessories for those who are in need of both perfect vision and that need to scratch that fashion itch.

Fashion design houses, such as Versace, Gucci, Emporio Armani, Ray-Ban and Prada, have being making efforts to offer customers eyeglasses that highlight one’s elegance and are always up-to-date to the latest trends.

Eyeglasses can help someone boost their self-confidence or to make a powerful personal statement of self-expression. All in all, one can look fabulous and express their style while correcting a vision deficiency.

Glaucoma is categorised as a disorder that affects the function of the eye. The characteristics of Glaucoma produce specific signs and symptoms, and ultimately share a single common feature, progressive optic neuropathy (Damage to the optic nerve).  All manifestations of Glaucoma can result in progressive loss of vision if untreated, or undetected, eventually this can be potentially blinding.

Incorporating the Glaucoma’s as a group of diseases, they are now the leading source of visual morbidity, affecting more than 60 million people throughout the world.  What’s more, around 8.4 million individuals will be impacted with bilateral blindness as a result. Visual loss from this disease can be as much as 40% before an individual is even aware there is a problem.

Glaucoma accounts for 10.9% of all certifications for blindness (severe sight impairment), and 10.2% of certifications for partial sight (sight impairment) in England and Wales.  The rate of severe sight impairment due to glaucoma increases with age, with 10 registrations per 100,000 for individuals aged 65-74, 48 per 100,000 aged 75-84 and 100 per 100,000 for individuals 85 years and over.

For the most part glaucoma is age-related, therefore undoubtedly, what with increasing longevity and ageing populations; glaucoma prevalence is set to rise in the coming decades.

Early detection and treatment will contribute to the prevention or slow down of further damage by glaucoma. If low vision aids are required, your optician or optometrist can advise you of the best solution and whether you would be eligible to register as sight impaired (partially sighted) or severely sight impaired (Blind).

Regular eye examinations are essential to maintain healthy eyes and absolutely pivotal for controlling serious loss of vision as a result of Glaucoma and other ocular conditions. Don’t leave it any longer, book a sight test today, the world is a beautiful place, do you really want to miss out?

Seasonal Affective Disorder, also known as SAD, is a type of depression that affects thousands of people each winter. It strikes between the months of September and April, with most sufferers feeling the worst effects in December, January and February as a result of the lack of sunlight and shorter days.

For many people, SAD is a serious condition that affects their day-to-day lives and requires medical treatment. For many others, seasonal affective disorder is less serious but still causes many problems.

SAD can be treated in various ways. Simple changes in environment to bring more colour and light into the world, yellow sunglasses and light boxes are just some of the ways sufferers can get relief from their symptoms.

What causes SAD?

Seasonal affective disorder is caused by changes in light level and quality and associated altered levels of chemicals in the brain.

Not getting enough light during the dark winter months is one of the biggest triggers of SAD. It is said that each individual has a “light requirement” and if this is not reached, they may become ill.

The chemicals involved in SAD are primarily serotonin and melatonin, with dopamine also thought to have some effect. An abnormal balance of these hormones in the brain is often indicated in cases of seasonal affective disorder.

Serotonin is the hormone that makes us feel calm, balanced and in control, so low levels lead to depression and concentration. People without enough serotonin are more likely to have SAD and may find they crave sweet and starchy foods to help boost their levels.

Melatonin, the hormone that promotes sleep, is also a factor in people with SAD. Without enough serotonin, melatonin can take over and cause tiredness. Melatonin is only produced during the hours of darkness, so with shorter days in winter, more of the hormone is present.

Abnormalities in dopamine levels have also been linked to seasonal affective disorder. Its production is stimulated by light, so in winter lower production is often found. Dopamine acts on mood, sleep and attention, and without it people can become tired, irritable and suffer from a lack of concentration.

Symptoms of SAD

People with seasonal affective disorder can experience a range of symptoms over the winter months, which together can cause serious problems with day-to-day life.

Patients can get depressed and experience a low mood, negative thoughts and feelings, guilt, a lack of self-esteem, apathy and despair.

Sleep problems are common in those with SAD. They often feel the need to sleep more, oversleep or have disturbed sleep and find it difficult to stay awake during the day. This is also often combined with a general lethargy and fatigue and, together, this makes it very hard to carry out normal everyday routines.

Weight gain is often seen as a result of a craving for carbohydrates and sugars as the body attempts to boost serotonin levels. An almost constant craving can be experienced and drops in blood sugar after giving in to these urges can exacerbate other symptoms.

Concentration and memory are often poor and a SAD sufferer may become irritable and less social. Increased levels of anxiety may be felt and stressful situations can become harder to deal with. Sex drive and interest in physical contact can fall.

Most sufferers also have a weakened immune system during winter and are more susceptible to infections, meaning even the common cold can become a problem and may lead to more serious conditions.

With the arrival of spring, SAD suffers will get relief from their symptoms. This can be almost instant, such as a sharp change in mood, or happen over time as the seasons change. In some cases, the body swings too far the other way and over activity can be experienced.

How to combat SAD

People with seasonal affective disorder can take many steps to combat the symptoms and help them cope better over winter.

Yellow glasses are a good way to trick the eyes into believing they are getting more natural light and can be of huge benefit for those with SAD. These blue blocking glasses help to alter the circadian rhythm – the human body clock that tells us when to sleep and eat. The yellow lenses block the blue light rays, which are involved in the production of melatonin, and therefore alter the need for sleep, which is prevalent in people with SAD.

Sufferers will also benefit from the use of a light box. These use special daylight bulbs to simulate natural light, making up for the lack of sun over winter months. By sitting in front of a light box for as little as 30 minutes a day, people with seasonal affective disorder can “top up” their light quota and get relief from symptoms. Some light boxes can also act as sunrise alarm clocks – gradually coming on in the morning to give the effect of a normal sunrise, even when it is dark and cloudy. This gives the body clock a kick-start and ensures a regular morning routine is maintained.

Even simple changes to the environment can benefit people with SAD. Small steps such as using bright colours in interior decoration and clothing and having fresh, colourful flowers around the home can give a positive emotional effect and lift mood.

This article was provided by Kontrol Sports.

The standard advice given to us by our optician is to get our eyes tested every 2 years, but just how seriously do most of us take this recommendation? Just like having regular dentist appointments, people often become complacent about such health checks, justifying it by saying ‘my vision is fine’ etc. The problem with statements like this is that often your vision changes so slowly, you wouldn’t actually realise it and you could consequently be driving below the legal visual driving requirements. If you can’t be convinced to have your eyes tested every 2 years, let me at least tell you about 3 visual symptoms you should never ignore:

1. Flashing lights / floaters

I have grouped these two symptoms together but they often appear in isolation. Both symptoms could mean that you have a retinal detachment which is a condition that needs medical attention immediately. It is extremely important to see your optician urgently as a retinal detachment is generally easily treated, providing it is picked up straight away.

A visual representation of floaters.

2. Distorted vision

This is an extremely serious visual symptom and should never be ignored. The best way to describe distorted vision is to say that straight lines look ‘wavy’ or ‘wobbly’. So if you close one eye and look at anything with a straight edge such as a door frame, it may appear as I described. This symptom could indicate that you have a type of macular degeneration that needs attention urgently. The sooner it is picked up the better the prognosis for the condition. There are now treatments which can at the very least stop the condition deteriorating further as long as it is treated early.

A visual representation of distorted vision.

3. Sudden reduction in vision

Most people’s vision slowly deteriorates over time and this is one of the main reasons it is recommended to have a regular eye test. However what is more concerning is if you ever notice a sudden reduction in vision. This could relate to any number of eye diseases, all of which could potentially be treated if they are picked up early enough.

In summary your eyes are precious and you should at least get them checked every 2 years. Half an hour of your time every 2 years is surely not too much to ask to ensure your eyes are healthy. In addition to this, if ever you notice any of the above symptoms or any other ‘new’ symptoms; you should always go to your optician immediately. The sooner any problems with your eyes are treated, the better the chance of preserving your vision. The worst thing you can do is to ignore the symptoms and ‘hope for the best’. Your eyes are fragile and once you have lost vision it can be difficult to get it back. Just remember it’s better to be over cautious than under cautious and if you take this mentality your eyes should last you a life time!

There are various resources on the web such as Treatment saver which offer you information on eye health amongst other things. Now go book yourself an eye test!

So how do you know which frames to buy? This certainly isn’t a “one style fits all” scenario. The truth is that most people want to wear frames that offset their natural features in order to create a balanced look. I say “most people” because some people can get away with wearing any frames and still look beautiful. And some people want to accentuate their distinct features to call attention to them. And all of that’s okay. But for the purposes of this article, I’m going to talk to the rest of us, those of us who just want to look presentable, professional, and maybe even pretty.

Round Face

Hiro Nakamura from the TV show Heroes (played by Masi Oka) has a recognisable round face and distinctive square shaped, wire framed, semi-rimless glasses.

Most people have round (or at least roundish) faces; these people should aim to wear frames that feature right angles, i.e. rectangular frames, probably complete full-rimmed rather than partial semi-rimless frames.  Rectangular frames are popular right now because there are a lot of round-faced people out there, and they’ve figured out what looks good. If you are self-conscious about your roundness, consider getting a frame with thick lines. When it comes to frames, chunky is in.

Square Face

Demi Moore comfortably wears round, thick-rimmed, Wayfarer style frames with her square face.

The inverse is also true. If you have a square face, you can soften your features with rounded or oval glasses. Nature gave you enough right angles, so you want to complement them with curves.

Some people shy away from the completely rounded frames for fear of looking like a middle-aged Harry Potter. Those folks should do well with oval frames.

Heart Shaped Face

Some people have what is called a “heart-shaped face,” which really just means that their faces are broader at the top and narrower at the bottom. Their faces are really shaped more like guitar picks than hearts, but hearts sounds more romantic. A heart-shaped face does best with a style that draws attention to the eyes. Sometimes this ends up being a sort of retro look.

Jennifer Love-Hewitt has a heart shaped face and manages to wear geeky looking thick-rimmed frames which really draws your attention up to her eyes.

There’s nothing that says you can’t sport a little bling in the upper corners of your glasses. If you are really artistic, you can add your own. Less daring folks do well with semi-rimless glasses.

Oval Face

If you were blessed with an oval face, you can get away with wearing just about anything.  Tina Fey (above) is almost as recognizable for her glasses as she is for her hit comedy movies and TV shows.

In general, just remember that if you have a wide face, you want narrower glasses. If you have a narrow face, then you want wider glasses (though not so wide that they dwarf your whole head).

Be picky and be persistent. There is a pair of glasses out there that will make you look dazzling. Sometimes the perfect glasses take a while to find, but once you do, you will look even more you.

This guest post was written by freelance writer Robin Merrill from Maine, USA on behalf of Winsconsin Dells Hotels.

Many parents will be familiar with the importance of immunisations, routine screenings such as hearing tests, weight, and growth charts for their new born not to mention dental health when the time arises, but what about their vision?

The Eye Care Trust has warned that one in five children before the age of 12 has an undiagnosed visual problem, which could interfere with their ability to learn.

It is recommended for children eight years or younger to have an annual eye examination. Children aged nine and upwards, generally would have an eye examination every two years unless your optician has advised otherwise.  Only a small number of schools actually still conduct vision-screening programmes. It is important to note, that these should not replace a comprehensive eye examination at your local opticians.

I would urge parents to take their child to see their optician before they start school or sooner if you notice a eye related problem such as:

• Squint (lazy eye)
• Difficulty in picking up small objects
• Tendency to bump into things or being unusually clumsy
• Have red eyes or lids
• Have excessive tearing
• Avoid colouring, puzzles or detailed activity
• Has difficulty with eye-hand-body co-ordination
• Rubs eye frequently
• Have encrusted eyelids

If you are concerned your child may need glasses, get your child’s eyes checked. This is just as important as a trip to the dentist or having their feet measured.

It’s a common misconception that children’s eyes cannot be tested until they can read, however there are many special tests that can be carried out at a very early age.  The eye is a constantly developing visual system and if visual problems are identified and treated during early school years, it can make an immense difference that could last a lifetime.

Children up to the age of 16 are entitled to an eye examination with the NHS free of charge. Students in full time education up to the age of 19 also qualify for a free sight test on the NHS. So if your child has just started school this month and you haven’t already done so, book an eye exam with your optician today.

If glasses or contact lenses are prescribed for your child a voucher will be issued which in most cases will cover the full cost for a pair glasses, however you can also use this voucher towards the cost of a more expensive pair if your child needs or should I say requests a designer frame to fit in at school!

For more information about caring for your child’s eyes, speak to your optician and ask for a copy of the ‘Your Child’s Eyesight’ leaflet.
 

We all love a bit of sunshine and its great to top up the tan and get some Vitamin D from all the goodness that the Sun brings.  It lifts our spirits and makes us feel good.  And at this time of year, we are all trying to eek out the last bit of summer we can before the Autumn & Winter blues set in and ruins everything.

How much do you really know about the damage UV light has already done to your eyes?

Think you know it all?  Why not take our 2-minute survey; you might be surprised.

We are looking to find out how much the public really knows about UV damage and what are the general attitudes?  In many cases there are NO right or wrong answers, just tell us what you think or know.

“Did you wear a hat or sunglasses as a child growing up?”  Let us know here.  These questions and their answers will better help us understand the feelings and mind-set of you – The People and understand if different age groups have differing attitudes or levels of knowledge when it comes to enjoying the sun.

Think this is only relevant in the summer?  Let us know.

We need as many responses to this survey as possible in order to gain a better understanding of the wider picture.  We will be studying the results of this important research very closely and will publish our findings in due-course.

Please take the time to fill in our 2-minute survey and answer all the questions as honestly as possible.  This survey is anonymous; we won’t collect your name or e-mail address, so we won’t be using the results to market to you.  We just want honest answers. 

Please tell your friends and family to take part in this important research too.  Remember there are no right or wrong answers – only your answers and every one counts.

Thank you,
The SelectSpecs Team.

Being a motorist myself, it makes me feel uneasy knowing, that one in ten motorists who require glasses in order to drive have admitted being lax about wearing them at all (Survey of 5.3 million motorists conducted by LV insurance). Driving without your glasses or contact lenses is a criminal offense, you are not only endangering yourself but other road users and pedestrians by doing so.

Currently all drivers are required to read a number plate at a distance of 20.5 meters in order to pass their test. If you need to wear glasses or contact lenses in order to see clearly these can be worn for the test, they must also be worn whenever you are driving thereafter. You are breaking the law by driving without glasses or contact lenses; this can also result in a fine of up to £1000, three penalty points or disqualification from driving.

An eye test is not legally required for drivers until they are 70 years old nevertheless good vision is imperative for drivers of all ages, regular eye exams will reveal eyesight problems that can be treated early to ensure your eyesight is safeguarded for longer. It is recommended to have your eyes checked at least every 2 years even if you think your eyes are normal.

If you wear glasses it is wise and sensible to always carry a spare pair in the car just in case you damage or lose the pair you are wearing.

The Eye Health Alliance are encouraging the government to introduce a more structured and scientific approach to assessing drivers vision which will ensure tests are carried out every 10 years. The Optical Confederation would like to replace the number plate test as this is thought to be an inadequate assessment of a drivers vision for several reasons such as environmental conditions on the day.

A spokesperson for the Eye Health Alliance said:

“Not only is the number plate test ineffective and unfair but the current system places to much responsibility on the driver to self-report problems with their vision to the DVLA. Many drivers do not notice a gradual change in their eyesight and are therefore unaware that they fall below the legal eyesight requirement for driving. According to the International Glaucoma Association, a person can lose up to 40% of their vision before they realise they have a problem with their eyesight.”

The UK government has until January 2011 to regulate a procedure for screening all car and motorbike drivers similar to the current legislation for professional drivers.

See our previous post (11/08/2008) on EU Driving Licenses to feature eye test results in a bid to reduce road traffic accidents here.

The non-invasive method uses fluorescent markers, which enable early indication of brain cell death by attaching to dying cells on the retina. The dying cells absorb the fluorescent dye which show up as green dots. (Image Below)

These experiments are currently being tested on mice, but the first human trials could begin this year. This fundamental development has the potential to revolutionise diagnosis for Alzheimer’s disease.

Currently 700,000 people in the UK live with Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Alzheimer’s disease can only be positively diagnosed by a post-mortem, when microscopic changes caused by the disease are closely examined. Nevertheless doctors can diagnose through process of elimination and costly MRI scans which they refer to as probable Alzheimer’s disease.

The research could enable scientists to overcome the problems and complications of investigating what is happening inside the brain of those with Alzheimer’s disease. Being able to detect Alzheimer’s in its early stages with a simple eye test opens up new avenues for treatments with the possibility to reverse the progression as new drugs are developed.

Professor Francesca Coredeiro, lead author from University College London Institute of Ophthalmology said: "Few people realise that the retina is a direct, albeit thin, extension of the brain.

"It is entirely possible that in the future a visit to a high-street optician to check on your eyesight will also be a check on the state of your brain."

"I hope that screening for Alzheimer's will be available on the high street within five years."

By identifying and comparing retinal cell death over a period of time could support scientists in cataloguing the progression of the disease however much more research is required before any considerations can made to use this technique for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
 

It’s now mid July and summer is well and truly underway, we’ve had a few weeks of good quality sunglasses wearing weather and as usual the British Summer has turned a bit wet and windy, hopefully this will soon pass and we’ll have the great weather back again.

Of course, with this summer sun comes the hidden dangers such as UV damage to both our skin and eyes.  Just like UV damage to skin can cause cancer, UV damage to eyes can also be extremely harmful and is responsible for causing cataracts, macula degeneration, pinguecula, pterygia and photokeratitis.  Thankfully, we’ve come up with a list of 10 great summer eye care tips to help ensure you know how to protect your eyes from the intense summer sun.

1). Buy sunglasses with UV protection

Make sure your sunglasses offer 100% UV protection to protect your eyes from harmful UV damage.  You will find that all sunglasses from the designer brands such as Ray-Ban, Prada and Oakley will offer UV protection as standard.

2). Wear sunglasses even when cloudy

Even if our summer days are suffering from significant cloud cover you should always remember to wear your sunglasses as UV damage can still occur even when it’s cloudy.

3). Wear larger style sunglasses

Larger style sunglasses offer more eye coverage than sunglasses with smaller lenses ensuring better protection from the sun.  Sunglasses such as shield or wrap around style are great at limiting the amount of sun that can enter your eyes from around the edges providing the fit is good.

4). Choose sunglasses with polarised lenses

Polarised sunglasses are great at reducing glare from reflective surfaces such as water or wet surfaces making them perfect for sporting activities or driving.  Normal tinted or graduated sunglasses while offering UV protection will still leave you squinting and in some discomfort during these harsh conditions.

5). Choose sunglasses with photochromic lenses

Sunglasses with photochromic or transition lenses darken on exposure to UV light making them great for both low and bright light conditions.  We can provide prescription lenses in your glasses with a photochromic coating, perfect for both indoor and outdoor use!

6). Maintain your glasses

Your sunglasses should always be well protected when not in use and maintained to ensure they are kept free from frame damage, dirt and scratches, this will ensure that your sunglasses last longer and are more comfortable to wear.  Scratched or dirty lenses can cause discomfort as you are likely to notice blurry patches in front of your eyes instead of clear vision which can cause eye strain.  If your lenses do become badly scratched, don’t forget we’re able to reglaze your glasses for a small fee depending on your requirements.

7). Buy prescription sunglasses

If you have a prescription we highly recommend choosing a pair of designer sunglasses suitable for prescription lenses such as the Ray-Ban 3025 Aviator or the 2140 Wayfarer, we can then take these sunglasses and change the lenses to new lenses with your personal prescription and choice of tint.  Great for clear vision throughout the summer.

8). Keep a spare pair

We recommend that you always have a spare pair of sunglasses handy just in case you lose or break your favourite pair. This will ensure you always have protection from the sun in times of emergency.

9). Keep hydrated

The recommendation is to drink 2 litres of water day to prevent dehydration, more if it’s hot or you are doing exercise.  While drinking plenty will help prevent headaches and dry skin caused by dehydration, it will also help to keep your eyes from drying out and feeling tired.

10). Avoid the midday sun

We recommend, when possible, avoiding the midday (11am – 3pm) sun, this is when the sun is at it’s strongest and the highest levels of UV damage occur.  If you do happen to venture out at this time of day for a period of time always ensure that you wear sunscreen, a hat and your sunglasses.

Do you have any other tips?  If so, please feel free to share them below…

Just because we all use computers these days it doesn’t mean that our eyes are no longer susceptible to strain so just as much care needs to be taken to rest the eyes as it did when computers were first introduced to the workplace. Screen breaks are not just for work-shy malingerers! Just a few minutes away from the screen can make all the difference.

Another cause of eye strain can simply be failure to take into account your age. It’s a sad fact of life that once we cross the rubicon of our 40th birthday our eyesight begins to deteriorate. Ignoring this and trying to carry on as normal will only result in squinting and straining – an eye test and glasses is the only way to deal with it.

However, headaches, sore eyes or blurred vision can be symptomatic of a more serious condition than simple eye strain. If these symptoms persist it’s worth keeping a note of when they occur to help with a diagnosis should medical help become necessary.

To help combat eyestrain caused by using computer screens an anti-reflective coating should be adopted on your lenses to eliminate surface reflections.  This increases the light transmission through the lenses and provides you with clear, defined vision day or night. Any optician should advise you to incorporate an anti-reflective coating for computer use and night-time driving.  The coating has stylistic benefits as well, as the lenses tend to appear thin and almost non-existent, making your eyes look more natural.

What’s next?

That’s it folks! Now it’s time to get your eyes checked, so book in at your local optician today. If you need new glasses we will of course be happy to help!

How exposed are you to Ultraviolet radiation?

We all enjoy a good measure of sunlight to make us feel good, perhaps it’s a trip to the beach or the local pack with the kids to ensure our vitamin D levels are topped up thanks to exposure from natural sunlight.  All the same, we are more familiar, now more than ever of the damaging effects the sun has to our skin as a result of excessive UV radiation with 85% of the British public knowing about the risk of skin melanoma.

Regrettably our awareness from exposure of the suns harmful UV rays stops here with a staggering 90% of the British public completely ignorant of the need to protect their eyes as they would their skin. Extended exposure of UV light can also harm your eyes and can be responsible for cataracts, macula degeneration, pinguecula, pterygia and photokeratitis.

Sadly children are considered to be at most risk sustaining around 80% of their cumulative UV damage by the age of 18. Children tend to have larger pupils and a clearer crystalline lens resulting in a significant amount of UV light reaching the retina of the eye.

What is Ultraviolet (UV) radiation?

UV radiation can be sub-divided into three bands categorised according to wavelength:

UVC 200-280nm is filtered out by the ozone layer surrounding the earth so are not of a major concern to us although the thickness of the ozone layer can vary depending on the latitude and altitude.

UVB 280-315nm rays are accountable for sunburn, that being the case UVB also has an effect on the eye, primarily affecting the cornea, eyelids and the conjunctiva.  UVB rays not only exist through direct exposure but also through indirect sources such as snow, water and sand by way of reflection.  Something like around 90% of UV rays penetrate cloud cover so protection is required even if the sun does not have he’s hat on!

UVA 315-380nm rays are possibly the most harmful, causing chronic damage to the eye, especially low dose exposure over a long period of time. The crystalline lens within the eye absorbs these rays and can be linked with the formation of cataract, which will affect 70% of the population by the age of 70.  Studies have also shown that macula degeneration has a significant link with UV exposure even though only a small amount of UV actually reaches the retina.

Protection from UV damage

Sunglasses can be considered as protection from harmful radiation, although you should check that they provide 100% UV protection. Close fitting or wraparound styles deliver a better shielding restricting the amount of stray light from above and around the periphery of the lenses. Non-wraparound and standard prescription eyewear with UV protection will provide limited protection peripherally, although that said, will be better than completely without.
Ultraviolet blocking contact lenses are also available, known as class I or class II lenses, which cover the entire cornea and limbus providing peripheral protection.
The damage caused by UV radiation may not be reversible so if sunglasses or glasses are not appropriate or available a brimmed hat will provide some protection.

Eye Problems associated with UV radiation:

There are a number of different problems associated with overexposure to UV radiation; here are a few:

Pinguecula

Pingueculae can occur either side of the iris, this is a slightly raised yellowish area on the white part of the eye and tend to be more  prominent and yellow with age.

There is no pain felt with Pingueculae although some irritation may be felt if wearing contact lenses. The cause of this is a result of long term excessive exposure to UV radiation.

Pterygium

Pterygia is similar to Pingueculae however this growth invades the cornea and occurs usually on the nasal side of the cornea. This growth can be pink or yellowish in colour. The speed of progression across the cornea can be unpredictable and should be removed surgically before it approaches the pupil,

This condition is often without pain but again can cause irritation with contact lens wear.  Pterygia is caused by excessive UV exposure and is often found in a higher incidence closer to the equator.

Cataract

Cataract is the loss of transparency of the crystalline lens due to excessive UV exposure, age, or this may be congenital. Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world and the most routinely preformed surgical procedure.

This condition does not cause pain although glare caused by scattering of light will present discomfort in bright sunlight or night-time driving. A reduction in visual acuity will be noticed which will progressively lead to a significant handicap.

Macula Degeneration

Studies have shown that macula degeneration has a significant link with UV exposure even though only a small amount of UV actually reaches the retina.

UV Keratoconjunctivitis

Overexposure to the suns harmful UV radiation can result in UV keratoconjunctivitis, causing inflammation of the conjunctiva. The eyes may feel hot and gritty with a onset of photophobia (Sensitivity to light). The visual acuity maybe jeopardised owing to dying epithelia cells .

What’s next?

Tomorrow’s installment addresses Stress and eye strains; It seems that we use computers just about everywhere these days.  Most of us spend a large part of our day squinting at a monitor, be it at work, home, or university.  With more and more of our shopping and entertainment being driven by the Internet, the time we spend on the computer is only likely to increase.

Eating carrots to help see in the dark is not just an old wives’ tale – the Vitamin A present in carrots as carotenoids is vital to eye health. The powerful antioxidants known as lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene in carotenoids protect healthy tissue against damage from free radicals which are produced by cell metabolism. Insufficient vitamin A leads to reduced night vision, susceptibility to infection and conjunctival corneal drying. Carotenoids are also found in other brightly coloured red and yellow fruit and vegetables and dark green leafy vegetables.

Another easily consumed supplement is the Vitamin B complex. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) plays an important role in maintaining optic nerve health and is an antioxidant that may help ward off cataracts. It is found in many foods, especially Marmite which has 11 milligrams per 100g, the highest of any foods. Offal, wheat germ, milk, hard cheese and – believe it or not – faggots are also at the top of the list. Deficiency of Vitamin B in a normal diet is rare but absorption by the digestive system of B1 and B12 in particular is easily reduced by alcohol.

Vitamin E is the third musketeer in the store cupboard of eye health. Vitamin E is a generic term for a group of substances of which the most important is tocopherol. This is connected with the protection of cell membranes and helps protect vitamin A from oxidation in the retina. Vitamin E is present in many foods and deficiency in a normal diet is rare but may arise in people with digestive problems who are unable to absorb dietary fats. Lack of vitamin E causes neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction.

Store cupboard foods high in vitamin E include sunflower and vegetable oil, peanut butter, eggs and cereals containing wheat germ.

Trace elements are less understood than vitamins but it is believed that they are minerals required in small quantities to help vitamins to work. Selenium and zinc are important in the preservation of ocular health.

Selenium works with vitamin E to have an antioxidant effect. A lack of selenium is linked to the development of cataracts and age-related macula degeneration (AMD). Foods high in selenium include mushrooms, salmon, tuna and Brazil nuts.

Zinc is a critical trace element and is involved in antioxidant activity. It has a vital function in the metabolism of vitamin A and is found in the choroid and retinal receptors and may help to maintain the health of the crystalline lens. Zinc deficiency causes poor wound healing and night blindness and has been linked to disease of the optic nerve. Shellfish and red meat are high in zinc but for vegetarians eggs and dried fruit are the next best source.

Many studies have taken place on understanding the function of nutrition and dietary supplements and their effect on vision. Some show that dietary supplements can be beneficial while others show no benefit at all. Most experts agree that a healthy diet is by far the most valuable way to obtain nutrients from food but sensible use of supplements provides a good back up for those whose lifestyle and dislikes – such as Marmite – means they are missing out.

What’s next?

Do you protect your eyes from the harmful UV radiation of our sun? Most of us cover up our skin to protect ourselves from sunburn but what about your eyes? Tomorrow we will visit the dangers of ultraviolet radiation to our eyes, see you then…

What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is the name for a group of eye conditions where the optic nerve becomes damaged and vision deteriorates. It is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness and affects around 70 million people worldwide. In England and Wales alone 500,000 people suffer from some type of glaucoma – that’s about two out of 100 people over the age of 40.

The good news is that a simple eye test can detect the early signs of glaucoma and treatment can start immediately, but the tragedy is that far too many people are not getting themselves checked out until it’s too late.

Some people can lose up to 40% of their vision before they are even aware there is a problem, so if you thought your vision was good just because you can still read this article, think again!

The disease has no symptoms, which is why it’s known as the silent thief of sight. Pressure within the eye slowly rises, causing damage to the optic nerve and a gradual loss of peripheral vision and, if left undiagnosed, can result in blindness.

Who is at risk of developing Glaucoma?

Anyone can potentially develop glaucoma but there are some groups of people that are considered to be at a higher risk. The most common factors are age – over 40s are most at risk – and family history. Because glaucoma tends to be a hereditary condition, eye tests are free for anyone who has a close family member diagnosed with the condition, so that makes two good reasons for having a check up.

Other susceptible groups of people and contributing factors are:

• People of African-Caribbean and Asian origin
• People of Hispanic origin in older age groups
• Steroid Users
• Diabetes
• High Myopia (short-sighted)
• Hypertension
• Eye Injury

There are four types of glaucoma:

Open angle glaucoma

This is the most common of the four, sometimes referred to as chronic glaucoma, and is a slow progressive condition. This is the type of glaucoma that affects at least one person in 200 over 40 years of age so regular eye check ups are essential to monitor eye health and spot the signs.

This type of glaucoma should be treated immediately to relieve pressure in the eye and to ease any pain. Medication in drop or tablet form will reduce the aqueous production in the eye and improve its drainage. Prescribed eye drops must be used every day as advised by a doctor to ensure consistent lowered pressure in the eye, otherwise the pressure will start to rise again.

Long-term treatment can be done with laser surgery, which is not painful. A laser is used to open the holes in the draining system to help fluid drain out of the eye or stop the eye producing as much fluid. This procedure is usually quick and causes little discomfort. It can be done under local anaesthetic with no need for an overnight stay in hospital. The success of this type of treatment varies from person to person and eye drops may still be needed afterwards.

Closed angle Glaucoma

Closed angle glaucoma is more common among people of Chinese origin and less apparent in western countries affecting one person in 1000 over 40 years of age, this is sometimes referred to as Acute Glaucoma. Symptoms include blurred vision, coloured haloes around lights, and a red, painful eye or eyes, which could be sever enough to cause nausea and vomiting. Closed angle glaucoma is brought about by a rapid increase in pressure caused by a shallow anterior chamber whereby the iris and the front of the cornea come into contact obstructing the flow of the aqueous fluid from draining.

This type of glaucoma should be treated immediately at your local hospital to relieve the pressure and pain. Medication will be required to reduce the aqueous production in the eye and improve its drainage. The long-term treatment would involve surgery; this would usually be done by laser treatment, which is not painful. If closed angle glaucoma is left untreated it may cause loss of sight in the affected eye however if treated promptly the recovery of vision will be more or less undamaged and permanent.

Secondary Glaucoma

Open angle, closed angle and congenital or developmental glaucoma are all known as primary glaucomas as these are not related to any other ocular disease. The most common causes of secondary glaucoma include inflammation of the iris (iritis), hyphaema where blood may have been present for some time in the anterior chamber, iridodialysis; detachment of the iris from the ciliary body, or post cataract surgery.

Initial treatment for secondary glaucoma is to control the underlying condition.

Congenital Glaucoma

Congenital or developmental glaucoma is very rare but potentially serious in babies. This condition is caused by a malformation in the eye and is often determined genetically. Early signs of a raised intraocular pressure (IOP) in infants are excessive flow of tears and extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia). This condition tends to be slightly more common in boys than girls. Visual field loss and stretching of the ocular tissues will cause myopia (short sighted vision) as a result of the raised IOP.

Congenital glaucoma must be treated with surgery to dissect the drainage channels to allow for a continuous flow of aqueous fluid.

Driving with Glaucoma

DVLA guidelines state that drivers must meet the recommended national guidelines for visual fields when diagnosed with glaucoma by an ophthalmologist. This is part of a standard eye examination involving a visual field test where small spots of light are randomly shown on a screen. Any points missed will be plotted on a field of results sheet for the ophthalmologist to review. If the loss of visual field is not too advanced driving will still be possible but anyone diagnosed with glaucoma should have regular checks to ensure their vision is of the required standard. The International Glaucoma Association provides a useful leaflet on this along with advice on all other aspects of how to cope with the condition.

Conclusion

More than anything else, regular eye examinations are fundamental in the fight against glaucoma. Early detection and treatment are key to the prevention or slow down of further damage and greatly increase the chances of living a normal life.

What’s next?

Tomorrow we have a recipe for healthy eyes… could eating carrots really help you see in the dark or is this just an old wives’ tale? Also what vitamins are beneficial to your eyes?

If you did a 10 minute survey of people coming out of a busy station chances are a large proportion of them would be wearing contact lenses. According to the Association of Contact Lens Manufacturers, around 3 million people in the UK wear contact lenses but that number is growing fast all the time.

With such huge scientific advances in the industry over the past few years, the popularity of contact lenses has soared as they become increasingly comfortable and affordable. The days of going through the agonies of getting used to wearing rigid contact lenses that cost a fortune are thankfully long gone.

People of all ages and prescriptions can wear lenses, even children and those with astigmatisms thanks for the wide range now available: daily disposables, two weekly disposables, monthly disposables, extended wear which can be worn whilst asleep, toric for astigmatisms, multi-focus to correct both long and short sightedness, gas permeable and coloured fashion lenses – there’s something for everyone.

However, just because contact lenses have become so mainstream it doesn’t mean they don’t need very careful handling and maintenance. Putting something in your eye on a daily basis greatly increases the risk of infection so keeping hands clean and changing lenses at the recommended intervals is basic. Bacteria very quickly builds up on contact lenses so they should either be cleaned thoroughly before wearing or thrown away at the advised intervals for disposables – never worn again to save money.

Misuse of contact lenses can result in permanent damage to the cornea so cutting corners or simply being lazy can have disastrous results.

Just like glasses, contact lenses need to be fitted for the individual. You wouldn’t consider wearing someone else’s glasses and the same should apply to contact lenses.

A contact lens check is an entirely different procedure to an eye test. Both are essential in order to maintain healthy eyes and good vision, it’s not one or the other. Eye shape as well as vision changes with age so yearly checks up’s are essential.

Beware of cheap mass produced coloured contact lenses – off-the-shelf products can easily lead to serious eye irritation. Brilliant blue eyes may look stunning to start with but sore red runny eyes at the end of the evening won’t look quite the same and could develop a more serious condition. Coloured contact lenses are a great invention but should always be purchased from a reputable source.

What’s next?

Tomorrow we have a condition called Glaucoma on the agenda which is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness and affects around 70 million people worldwide, so if you want to know more, you know where to find us!

Eye Examinations

An eye test is both painless and inexpensive – it may even be free – and could literally save your life, but not nearly enough people are getting themselves checked on a regular basis. Everyone knows they should go to the dentist once a year but the same awareness is yet to apply to a visit to the optician every two years, as recommended.

Just because you can see OK – or think you can – it doesn’t mean you don’t need your eyes examined. The eyes are the window to the body and can reveal many medical conditions that will respond well to treatment but can lead to loss of vision if allowed to deteriorate.

Advances in medical research mean that an eye test can detect critical conditions that need immediate action such as a brain tumours or diabetes as well as predict long-term problems. Scientists have recently developed a test that can spot the likelihood of Alzheimer’s 20 years before symptoms occur and whilst there isn’t a cure for Alzheimer’s now, there may well be in 20 years’ time.

Think of the children

Children should also have an eye test before they start school. A child under five is very unlikely to be able to communicate a problem with their vision so professional assessment is the only way to ensure they get the best start in life. Simple poor vision can have a devastating effect on their education and social development so an eye test should be as routine as a visit to the dentist.

Driver’s ignorance about eye tests

Driving with poor vision is another risk not worth taking but the worrying fact is that according to a nationwide poll of 3,000 drivers, one in three motorists has not been for an eye examination in more than two years. Apart from the obvious fact that it could cause an accident, if the police catch you it can result in a hefty fine and penalty points. Regular eye exams will reveal eyesight problems that can be treated early to ensure your eyesight is safeguarded for longer.

A bit of an eye-opener?

Having an eye test every two years doesn’t seem like too much bother when you consider the immense benefits to be gained.

What’s next?

Are you a contact lens wearer? Tomorrow we have an article on contact lenses, so this could be interesting for those who wear them and equally those who are thinking about ditching the glasses for a contact lens world.  A contact lens check is an entirely different procedure to an eye test. Both are essential in order to maintain healthy eyes and good vision, it’s not one or the other. Eye shape as well as vision changes with age so yearly checks up’s are essential. See you tomorrow…

This week we have 7 articles to share with you relating to the health of your eyes, please share these articles with your friends and family to promote Eye Health Awareness week 2010, together we can make a difference to encourage regular eye examinations.

What is the Macula?

The Macula is a very small part of the retina that converts the light entering the eye into an image. This delicate tissue is situated at the very center of the retina and is accountable for our central vision enabling us to undertake activities such as reading and writing, the macula is also responsible for our ability to see in colour.

What is Macula Degeneration?

The delicate cells of the macula may progressively deteriorate over time and eventually stop working altogether. This is sometimes called age related macula degeneration or may also be known as AMD. The condition is found largely in elderly patients and sometimes in middle aged ones too.

There are two forms of AMD, usually referred to as ‘Wet’ and ‘Dry’. In general dry macula degeneration is the most common of the two.

Dry AMD will gradually deteriorate over a period of a few years; many people notice a gradual central blurring with the peripheral vision unaffected. The colour can also fade similar to an old photograph. For most patients with AMD there is currently no effective medical treatment however low vision aids such as magnifiers can provide some help with reading and close work.

Wet AMD is another less common form distinguishable by the formation of new blood vessels growing behind the retina that causes bleeding and scarring resulting in total loss of central vision. If detected early laser treatment can prevent further deterioration of visual acuity. Broadly speaking Wet AMD accounts for about 10% of all AMD cases.

The image below shows the same scene as viewed with normal vision, and then with age-related macula degeneration.

Causes of Macula Degeneration

The cause is believed to be the loss of function in the retinal pigment epithelial cells of the retina although the exact cause for AMD is unknown. There are differing risk factors linked with macula degeneration indentified below:

Age – As the name suggests age related macular degeneration tends to occur in elderly patients.

Sunlight – Studies have also shown that macula degeneration has a significant link with UV exposure even though only a small amount of UV actually reaches the retina.

Nutrition – Studies have shown that a varied and balanced diet can supply us with all the vitamins and trace elements needed to protect us against AMD. Omega 3 found in oily fish can also help, click here for the BBC news report.

Smoking – Smoking has been linked to the development of AMD in various studies. It is also evident that to quit smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing AMD.

Gender – Macula degeneration tends to be slightly more common in women than men.

Genetics – Research suggests the likelihood of developing AMD can be linked to a number of genes passed through families.

Conclusion

There is a clear message here, and that is to ensure your optometrists closely monitor the health of your eyes by attending regular eye examinations. It is important to understand that a sight test is not simply to check if your prescription has changed since your last eye test but to confirm the general health of your eyes.

What’s next?

Tomorrow’s article is on the importance of regular eye examinations.

Some people can lose up to 40% of their vision before they are even aware there is a problem, so if you thought your vision was good just because you can still read the article, think again! Regular eye examinations are not simply to obtain a new prescription and new glasses, they are essential for the general health of your eyes and vital for controlling serious visual loss from glaucoma and other ocular conditions, early detection and treatment are key for the prevention or slow down of further damage by glaucoma.

The disease has no symptoms, pressure within the eye slowly rises which can damage the eye’s optic nerve, additionally a weakness in the optic nerve may also cause damage both resulting in a loss of vision peripherally and if left undiagnosed can result in blindness. The optic nerve is a motor nerve that connects the light sensitive layer of the retina with the brain. This nerve penetrates from the rear of the eye sending all information from the retina to the brain where it is perceived as a picture. See Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. The Eye

How Pressure is controlled in the eye

A watery fluid called Aqueous is produced by cells behind the iris that we see as the coloured part of the eye. Figure 2 illustrates how Aqueous flows between the iris and the lens through the pupil and into the anterior chamber, where every minute, about 1% of its volume is removed from the eye via tiny drainage channels known as the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of schlemm to be removed into the blood stream. If this Aqueous fluid does not drain due to a blockage or too much is produced faster than it can escape then the pressure in the eye will rise. It is important to note that the aqueous fluid is not related or connected to tear production.

Figure 2. Flow of Aqueous fluid

Increased Intraocular Pressure

The optic nerve is sensitive to pressure; too much pressure will cause varying damage subject to how much pressure there is and the duration it is exposed to this pressure. Other factors such as the blood supply and any weaknesses in the optic nerve can also contribute to this damage. The normal intraocular pressure (IOP) within the eye has an average value of 15 to 16mm Hg.. Glaucoma is characterized by an IOP over 21mm Hg., high pressure will damage the optic nerve promptly. A lower level of pressure can cause damage progressively over a longer period of time where sight would gradually be lost if not treated.

Although Glaucoma cannot be prevented or cured, early detection and treatment through regular eye checks ups which are typically at least every 2 years are essential in controlling serious visual loss from Glaucoma, treatments such as drugs and surgical procedures have improved considerably over recent years saving the sight of approximately 95% of those diagnosed early. Despite the fact that anyone can potentially develop glaucoma there are some people that are considered to be at a higher risk, these include:

• Family Members with Glaucoma
• African-Caribbean origin
• People over 40 years of age
• People with Diabetes
• High Myopia (Short-sighted)
• Hypertension
• Hispanics in Older age groups
• Asian origin
• Steroid Users
• Eye Injury

Types of Glaucoma

Glaucoma can be sub-divided into four main types:

Open angle Glaucoma

This is considered as the most common of the four, sometimes referred to as Chronic Glaucoma, chronic meaning a slow progressive condition. This type of Glaucoma affects at least one person in 200 over 40 years of age; regular eye check ups are essential to monitor the health of your eyes if diagnosed with open angle glaucoma.

The pressure within the eye rises very slowly over many years due to a blockage in the drainage channels known as the trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm; this is where the aqueous fluid returns to the blood stream. Figure 3 illustrates Open angle glaucoma below.

Figure 3. Open Angle Glaucoma

The raised pressure is transmitted to the optic nerve damaging the retinal nerve fibers and reducing their blood supply resulting in a gradual peripheral visual field loss but with no pronounced pain or changes to your prescription. The loss of vision is usually in an arc shape, shown below in grey, figure 4 as arcuate scotoma following the course of the retinal nerve fibers, which can spread inwards and outwards, central vision is typically affected last causing a tunnel vision effect.

Figure 4. Fields

There are three tests that should be undertaken which are effective in detecting glaucoma, these tests are:

• Viewing your optic nerve by using a special instrument called an Ophthalmoscope
• Measurement of the internal pressure of the eye using various techniques which can be discussed with your optician
• A visual field test – small spots of light are randomly shown on a screen for you to confirm which can be seen.

Those most at risk of open angle glaucoma are short sighted (High Myopia), Afro-Caribbean origin, people with Diabetes or high blood pressure.

Treatment

A referral to the consultant at the hospital will be made by your optician with the aim to reduce the pressure in your eyes; typically this treatment simply involves eye drops. These eye drops will be responsible for opening the drainage channels so that excess aqueous fluid can drain away appropriately or by limiting the production of aqueous fluid. Surgery may be necessary if the eye drops are not successful. Your consultant may suggest laser treatment or an operation known as Trabeculectomy depending upon your particular case.

Closed angle Glaucoma

Closed angle glaucoma is more common among people of Chinese origin and less apparent in western countries affecting one person in 1000 over 40 years of age, this is sometimes referred to as Acute Glaucoma. Symptoms include blurred vision, coloured haloes around lights, and a red, painful eye or eyes, which could be sever enough to cause nausea and vomiting. Closed angle glaucoma is brought about by a rapid increase in pressure caused by a shallow anterior chamber whereby the iris and the front of the cornea come into contact obstructing the flow of the aqueous fluid from draining.

Figure 5. Closed Angle Glaucoma

Treatment

This type of glaucoma should be treated immediately at your local hospital to relieve the pressure and pain. Medication will be required to reduce the aqueous production in the eye and improve its drainage. The long-term treatment would involve surgery; this would usually be done by laser treatment, which is not painful. If closed angle glaucoma is left untreated it may cause loss of sight in the affected eye however if treated promptly the recovery of vision will be more or less undamaged and permanent.

Secondary Glaucoma

Open angle, closed angle and congenital or developmental glaucoma are all known as primary glaucoma’s as these are not related to any other ocular disease. The most common causes of secondary glaucoma’s include inflammation of the iris (Iritis), Hyphaema where blood may have been present for some time in the anterior chamber, Iridodialysis; detachment of the iris from the ciliary body, or post cataract surgery.

Treatment

Initial treatment for secondary glaucoma is to control the underlying condition.

Congenital Glaucoma

Congenital or developmental glaucoma is very rare but potentially serious in babies. This condition is caused by a malformation in the eye and is often determined genetically. Early signs of a raised intraocular pressure (IOP) in infants are excessive flow of tears and extreme sensitivity to light (Photophobia). This condition tends to be slightly more common in boys than girls. Visual field loss and stretching of the ocular tissues will cause myopia (Short sighted vision) as a result of the raised IOP.

Treatment

Congenital glaucoma must be treated with surgery to dissect the drainage channels to allow for a continuous flow of aqueous fluid.

Driving with Glaucoma

The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA) state that people driving must meet the recommended national guidelines for visual fields when diagnosed with glaucoma by an Ophthalmologist. A visual field test is preformed during or following an eye examination where small spots of light are randomly shown on a screen for you to confirm which can be seen, any points missed will be plotted on a field of results sheet for your ophthalmologist to review. Assuming the loss of visual field is not too advanced driving will still be possible, you will need to confirm this with your ophthalmologist or obtain a leaflet about driving from The International Glaucoma Association (IGA).

Conclusion

Regular eye examinations are fundamental for the health of your eyes and vital for controlling serious visual loss from Glaucoma, early detection and treatment are key for the prevention or slow down of further damage by glaucoma. If low vision aids are required your optician or optometrist can advise you of the best solution and whether you would be eligible to register as sight impaired (partially sighted) or severely sight impaired (Blind).

Need further advise?

The Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) offers a Helpline for advice and products from both RNIB and other organisations. If you need to know more about your eye condition they are only a call away.

RNIB Helpline
Tel: 0303 123 9999
Email: helpline@rnib.org.uk

The Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) is available Monday to Friday 8.45am to 6.00pm and Saturday 9.00am to 4.00pm. If calling outside of these times a message can be left and they will get back to you as soon as possible.

Unfortunately, RNIB can only answer email enquiries from within the UK. But you may find an organisation for people with poor sight in your country through their agencies database.

Useful contacts

Royal College of Ophthalmologists
The Royal College of Ophthalmologists is unable to comment on individual patient care.

The International Glaucoma Association (IGA)
Woodcote House
15 Highpoint Business Village
Henwood
Kent
TN24 8DH
IGA SightLine: 01233 64 81 70

Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)
Drivers Customer Services (DCS)
Correspondence Team DVLA
Swansea
SA6 7JL
Tel: 0870 240 0009

Partially Sighted Society
Queen’s Road
Doncaster
DN1 2NX
Tel: 01302 32 31 32

National Glaucoma Research (USA)
American Helath Assistance Foundation

All words and illustrations by Tony Russell, SelectSpecs.com

Vision Aid Overseas was founded in 1985 by optical professionals who were passionate about transforming the lives of disabled people or those with disadvantages because they did not have access to eyecare. They were motivated by the enormous difference that a pair of spectacles can make to people all over the world who need good vision to learn, work, play and lead an independent and dignified life.

Over the last quarter of a century, Vision Aid Overseas has helped to provide over a million people with eyecare services. Volunteers have undertaken clinics in some of the worlds poorest countries. Vision Centres have been established where there were previously no optical facilities for thousands of miles and trained healthcare workers are on hand to provide eye examinations and spectacles.

The work of Vision Aid Overseas has an ongoing impact – allowing children to go to school and to receive an education; giving parents the means to provide for their families; and ultimately saving people from a lifetime of visual impairment or blindness.

Vision Aid Overseas doesn’t just rely on old donated glasses, but also through fund raising, if you would like to get involved in up and coming events or you are thinking of organizing your own event have a look here as your support will enable us to transform lives by providing eyecare services to patients who desperately need good vision to escape disability and poverty.

SelectSpecs.com has been donating glasses to Vision Aid Overseas for several years now and continues to send a parcel every month, in fact, we’re just about to send another huge box today (see below…)!

If you have any old unwanted glasses lying around or tucked away in a draw please dig them out and send them to us and help to make a difference to someone less fortunate than yourself. All you need to do is pop your old glasses in a jiffy bag (something protective!) and send them to us at the below address.

Glasses for Vision Aid Overseas
SelectSpecs
PO Box 102
Margate
Kent
CT9 1YU

See here to find out more